TRAINING COURSE: Thermal plants Heat Rate and Methods of Reducing Fuel Cost

Module (03) Thermal Plant Economics

• 3.1 Generation Cost; Capital Cost and Running Cost
• 3.2 Economic factors of Thermal Power Plants.
• 3.2.1 Capacity Factor 3.2.2 Load Factor
• 3.2.3 Use Factor 3.3.4 Reserve factor
• 3.3 Reduction of operating variable cost through the heat rate improvements.
• 3.4 What is Heat Rate?
• 3.5 Plant Heat Rate
• 3.6 Why is Heat Rate Important?
• 3.7 Heat Rate Deviation
• 3.8 Cost of Heat Rate Deviations
• 3.9 Heat rate variation of plants with aging
• 3.10 Financial Loss of increased heat rate for specific power operating power plants.
• 3.11 Technology impact on Improvements of newly built plants compared to previously built plants

Module 04: Heat Rate Calculations and effect of cycle parameters

• 4.1 The heat engine and energy conversion process
• 4.2 Heat rate
• 4.3 A simple turbine cycle with an open heater
• 4.4 Power and desalination plant turbine heat rate
• 4.5 Difference between Plant and turbine heat rate

Module 05: Steam Plant Heat Rate & Economics Effect of steam parameters:

• 5.1 Effect of increasing pressure on available energy
• 5.2 Effect of increasing steam temperature on available Energy
• 5.3 Effect of increasing steam pressure & temperature both on available energy
• 5.4 Effect of changing reheat pressure
• 5.5 Effect of changing reheat temp
• 5.6 Effect of changing condenser exhaust pressure
• 5.7 Economic case study
• 5.8 Factors affecting the exhaust vacuum in the condensing type turbines
• 5.9 Effect of parameters deviation on heat rate.
• 5.10 Effect of out of service feed heater on plant heat rate.

Module 06: Effect of Steam Turbine Losses

• 6.1 Fluid Friction
• 6.2 Leakage
• 6.3 New Techniques in minimizing leakage
• 6.3.1 Guardian Rings
• 6.3.2 Vortex Shedders
• 6.3.3 Case Study
• 6.3.4 Brush Seals
• 6.4 Moisture Loss
• 6.5 Leaving Loss
• 6.6 Profile Losses
• 6.7 Blade path deterioration: Steam Turbine Blade path Audit
• 6.8 Performance improvement form polishing of turbine blading

Module 07: Heat Rates of Gas Turbine and Economics

• 7.1 Different gas turbine cycles
• 7.2 Determining ISO Power and ISO Heat Rate
• 7.3 Correcting for Ambient Temperature, Altitude, Humidity, Inlet and Exhaust Pressure Losses, Mechanical Transmission Losses and Turbine Deterioration.
• 7.4 Part load heat rate
• 7.5 Methods of Increasing Power Output
• 7.6 Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
• 7.6.1 Evaporative cooler
• 7.6.2 Fogging system
• 7.6.3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)
• 7.6.4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)
• 7.6.5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage
• 7.6.6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage
• 7.6.7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
• 7.7.8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
• 7.7 Performance Evaluation of Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems:
• 7.8 Capital Cost Comparisons of Inlet Cooling Systems
• 7.9 Performance Evaluation
• 7.10 Modified gas turbine cycles:
• 7.10.1 Evaporative regenerative gas turbine cycle
• 7.10.2 Inter cooled recuperative gas turbine cycle (ICRGT).
• 7.10.3 Steam injected gas turbine cycle (STIG).
• 7.10.4 Humid air turbine (HAT).
• 7.11 Effect of Fouling on compressor Performance